ANALYSIS OF FALL RISK IN THE ELDERLY BASED ON CLINICAL AND COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTS AT PANTI WERDHA X, CIBUBUR, EAST JAKARTA
Keywords:
elderly, falls, MMSE, CDT, OMS-Sydney Score, nursing homeAbstract
Background: Older adults are at high risk of falls due to age-related decline in physical, sensory, and cognitive functions. Falls significantly impair quality of life and increase morbidity among nursing home residents. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for falls in the elderly based on clinical and cognitive assessments using a multidimensional approach. Methods: A descriptive observational study with a qualitative approach was conducted on two elderly residents of Panti Werdha X, Cibubur, East Jakarta. Total sampling was applied. Assessments included in-depth interviews, physical examination, and the use of MMSE, Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and Ontario Modified Stratify–Sydney Score. Results: The first subject (Oma T, 78 years) had a low MMSE score (21) and a low fall risk score (OMS: 1), but demonstrated a strong psychological fear of falling. The second subject (Opa D, 77 years) exhibited signs of Parkinsonism, vascular complications, and a history of recurrent falls, with a high OMS score (19). CDT indicated impaired executive function. Conclusion: Fall risk in the elderly is influenced by a combination of intrinsic factors, mild to moderate cognitive impairment, and psychological components such as fear of falling. Multidisciplinary preventive interventions—including routine evaluations, environmental modifications, education, and physical exercises—are essential to reduce fall risk and enhance the quality of life in institutionalized elderly populations.
References
Ankita Singh, & Dr. Suvidha. (2024). Health and Well-Being Among Elderly. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 11(2), 650–658. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst24112113
Dumbrell, K. (2022). Falls prevention and management: A best practice guide for Allied Health Professionals.
Espejo, T., Wagner, N., Riedel, H. B., Karakoumis, J., Geigy, N., Nickel, C. H., & Bingisser, R. (2024). Prognostic value of cognitive impairment, assessed by the Clock Drawing Test, in emergency department patients presenting with non-specific complaints. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 126, 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2024.03.016
Furqan Firdaus -Cecep, M., Kurniawan, S., & Syafi’, M. (2024). Reinforcing Elderly Management in Brunei Darussalam: an Islamic Approach to Aging. Al-Qānūn: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pembaharuan Hukum Islam, 27(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28157.13289
Giovannini, S., Brau, F., Galluzzo, V., Santagada, D. A., Loreti, C., Biscotti, L., Laudisio, A., Zuccalà, G., & Bernabei, R. (2022). Falls among Older Adults: Screening, Identification, Rehabilitation, and Management. In Applied Sciences (Switzerland) (Vol. 12, Issue 15). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157934
Heyrani, R., Sarabi-Jamab, A., Grafman, J., Asadi, N., Soltani, S., Mirfazeli, F. S., Almasi-Dooghaei, M., Shariat, S. V., Jahanbakhshi, A., Khoeini, T., & Joghataei, M. T. (2022). Limits on using the clock drawing test as a measure to evaluate patients with neurological disorders. BMC Neurology, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-03035-z
Margaretha, C., Sarjana, W., Suharto, & Jusup, I. (2021). Relationship between quality of life, depression, and participation in elderly integrated health service post among older adults. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 11(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.14710/NMJN.V11I2.33500
Marpaung, Y. M. (2024). QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG INDEPENDENT ELDERLY RESIDENTS IN A NURSING HOME IN BANTEN PROVINCE, INDONESIA. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 6(6), 1221–1231. https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v6iS6.5219
Maulida Nadzir, Z., Fajria, K., Afia, I., Kitabi, A., & Simanjuntak, M. (2022). Phenomenological Study of Changes Elderly Quality of Life in Pandemic Covid-19. In Journal of Family Sciences E (Vol. 07, Issue 01).
Müller, S., Herde, L., Preische, O., Zeller, A., Heymann, P., Robens, S., Elbing, U., & Laske, C. (2019). Diagnostic value of digital clock drawing test in comparison with CERAD neuropsychological battery total score for discrimination of patients in the early course of Alzheimer’s disease from healthy individuals. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40010-0
Nasution, F., Zulkarnain, A., Paramitha, F., Fauzia, N., Nst, A., & Dewi Salsabila, R. (2025). The Development of Adults and the Elderly. The Future of Education Journal, 4, Page. https://journal.tofedu.or.id/index.php/journal/index
Pereira, C. B., & Kanashiro, A. M. K. (2022). Falls in older adults: a practical approach. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 80, 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2022-S107
Puraya, A., Piyakong, D., Wongwiggan, S., & Boonpracom, R. (2021). Exploring the Elderly Care System: A View from Community in Thailand. Jurnal Ners, 16(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v16i1.24918
Ribera, A. A. V. B., Lino, T. B., Rodrigues, N. O., Ansai, J. H., de Andrade, L. P., & Christofoletti, G. (2025). Has the Clock Drawing Test been left aside with the replacement of analog clocks by smartphones? ACTA Paulista de Enfermagem, 19. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2024-0178
Salari, N., Darvishi, N., Ahmadipanah, M., Shohaimi, S., & Mohammadi, M. (2022). Global prevalence of falls in the older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. In Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (Vol. 17, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03222-1
Sespiani, K. A., & Ernungtyas, N. F. (2022). Connecting Elderly and Digital Devices: a Literature Review of User Interface Studies for Indonesian Elders. The Journal of Society and Media, 6(1), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v6n1.p139-156
Steed, M. B., Quereshy, F. A., Stanton, D. C., & Krishnan, D. G. (2022). SCORE for OMS—A Learning Management System Supporting Curriculum for Advanced Training Programs in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 80(11), 1726–1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2022.07.151
Su, Y., Dong, J., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Ma, S., Li, M., Zhang, A., Cheng, B., Cai, S., Bao, Q., Wang, S., & Zhu, P. (2021). Cognitive function assessed by Mini-mental state examination and risk of all-cause mortality: a community-based prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02471-9
Susanti, I., Latuperissa, G. R., Fitriany Soulissa, F., Fauziah, A., Sukartini, T., Indarwati, R., & Aris, A. (2020). The Factors Associated with Successful Aging in Elderly: A Systematic Review. Jurnal Ners, 15(2), 230–238. https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v15i2.19019
Vaishya, R., & Vaish, A. (2020). Falls in Older Adults are Serious. In Indian Journal of Orthopaedics (Vol. 54, Issue 1, pp. 69–74). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43465-019-00037-x
Valipoor, S., Pati, D., Kazem-Zadeh, M., Mihandoust, S., & Mohammadigorji, S. (2020). Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Literature on Interior-Scale Elements of the Built Environment. Journal of Aging and Environment, 34(4), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763893.2019.1683672
Widia Komala, D., Novitasari, D., Kurnia Sugiharti, R., Awaludin, S., Keperawatan Program Sarjana, P., Kesehatan, F., Harapan Bangsa, U., Keperawatan Anestesiologi Program Sarjana Terapan, P., Kebidanan Program Diploma Tiga, P., Keperawatan, P., Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, F., & Jenderal Soedirman, U. (2021). MINI-MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION UNTUK MENGKAJI FUNGSI KOGNITIF LANSIA MINI-MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION TO ASSESS COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN ELDERLY. Jurnal Keperawatan Malang, 6(2). https://jurnal.stikespantiwaluya.ac.id/
